Maternal Support Services ( Mss ) And Infant Case...

Fortunately, King County has several programs in place for women facing poverty. Maternal Support Services (MSS) and Infant Case Management (ICM) provides information and resources about the other programs available to mothers in King County. MSS and ICM provide health education, counseling, regular clinic visits, support from nursing, nutritionists, social workers and community health workers, and referrals to prenatal classes. Moms and Kids Plus provides a variety of services for the pregnant and parenting population, â€Å"The focus of service is to improve healthcare access for women and their families by encouraging prenatal care, substance abuse treatment, stable housing and reduction in the risk of infant death.† Eating healthy during pregnancy is very important but can be financially difficult, through the Women s, Infants and Children Program or WIC, some of these financial burdens can be lessened. â€Å"WIC is a supplemental food program for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, infants and children and also provides health screening, nutrition and health education, breastfeeding promotion and support, help getting other services and checks for nutritious foods.† Lastly, another great resource for these women is the Nurse-Family Partnership, which partners low-income new mothers with registered nurses up until the child’s second birthday. The nurses provide education on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and parenting skills, information to resources available in the

Taqa Assessor Award Essay - 6595 Words

1.1 Assessment is about judging if, how and what level of learning has taken place. An assessors function is to decide if a learner has developed skills, knowledge, understanding and competence in a particular field as well as if the learner is showing the attitude required for the application of the learning within that field. Assessing is not the same as evaluating. Rather than the focus being on the programme or course the learner is on (evaluation), the focus is instead on the learner and their development. Assessors need to determine a learners knowledge and performance against a set of pre-defined criteria. These criteria may be set up to assess learning for an eventual formal qualification in a particular topic or job role.†¦show more content†¦work based practice) or questioning of the learner around relevant topics or learner led activities such as written assignments, work based products (e.g. letters, reports or presentations) or reflective statements. Assessments of these can occur as they go along (formative) or at the end (summative). With all of the activities carried our by the learner (with or without the assessor) the assessor needs to make decisions on the learners competence in relation to the requirements of the qualification. The assessor should make their judgements of success or not and provide constructive feedback to the learner in a way that best suits the individual. If any further action is necessary for the completion of the qualification criteria (i.e. more training, description of knowledge or other evidence of ability) then a further plan should be agreed to achieve this. All such information discussed and agreed should be recorded appropriately at each stage. At any stage of the assessment process the progress of the learner can be reviewed and plans can be amended, updated or changed in agreement with the learner and according to need. This allows: learners to raise issues relevant to their needs for completion of the qualification; assessors opportunities to amend assessment plans if it becomes necessary; and flexibility if environmental or other factors arise (such as issues relating to any third party involved in theShow MoreRelatedTaqa Assessors Award Essay2850 Words   |  12 PagesQuestion 1 To judge whether evidence is sufficient, authentic and current it is important as an assessor to attend standardisation meetings and to keep up to date with the regulations of the relevant awarding body. If in doubt it is important to double heck. Evidence is deemed to be sufficient if it is understandable and presented in a clear manner, contains content deemed appropriate for the level of the award and meets all the learning criteria, regulations and requirements set out in the assessmentRead MoreAssessment and Quality Assurance Essay examples1221 Words   |  5 Pagesattention that the acronym TAQA has been adopted by a private training provider as their company name. The TAQA acronym has been used by City Guilds since early in 2010 to represent the group of Training Assessment and Quality Assurance qualifications which were launched in September 2010. City Guilds has no relationship with the training provider and does not in any way endorse their work, services or products. LLUK Consultation for Learning and Development Awards The TAQA Assessment and InternalRead MoreAwarding Body Guidance For Centre1495 Words   |  6 Pagescentre management team; assessment and Internal Quality Assurance staff; verifying a sample of learners’ evidence; talking to learners, reviewing relevant centre documentation and systems. ï  ¶ Staff development, including guidance and support for assessors and internal quality assurance staff as part of an external verification visit or as a bespoke session for centres. Gravells A (2015) in her Handout E9009 (V2) States that â€Å"The cycle will continue to ensure the assessment and IQA process is constantlyRead MoreCG Assessor Award Handbook Essay20565 Words   |  83 PagesLevel 3 4 Awards Certificates in Assessment and Quality Assurance Qualification handbook for centres 6317 6317-30, 6317-31, 6317-32, 6317-33, 6317-40, 6317-41, 6317-42 February www.cityandguilds.com February 2011 Version 1.3 ( February 2011) About City Guilds City Guilds is the UK’s leading provider of vocational qualifications, offering over 500 awards across a wide range of industries, and progressing from entry level to the highest levels of professional achievement. With over 8500Read MoreFunctions, Concepts, and Principles of Assessment5193 Words   |  21 PagesTAQA Assignment T2 1. What are the functions, concepts and principles of assessment in learning and development? (1.1, 1.2) The functions of assessing a student are to ensure that learning and development has taken place against a certain criteria. It allows the assessor to measure and prove the competence , knowledge, understanding and skills that will enable the student to achieve a qualification. This is carried out by using different assessment techniques such as observation, projects

P-ISM Free Essays

When writing a short observe, pen and paper are nevertheless maximum herbals to use. The five pen technology with virtual pen and paper makes it possible to get a digital reproduction of handwritten facts and have it ship to virtual devices through BluetoothP-ISM (Pen Style Personal Networking Gadget) that is nothing but the new discovery that’s developed by means of the Nec Co-operation in 2003 . It’s far truly a new invention in the computer and it is related to communique area. We will write a custom essay sample on P-ISM or any similar topic only for you Order Now Honestly, this may have a remarkable effect on the pc discipline. In this tool, you will locate Bluetooth as the main interconnecting tool between extraordinary peripherals. INTRODUCTION Laptop impacts our lives in a far larger manner then most of us may have an idea. It has grown to be a compulsory requirement in most professions with a view to use pc software. Modern computer systems which can be primarily based on integrated circuits are small enough to fit into mobile gadgets, however, imagine having a computer a good way to suit into a pen.Imagine a global wherein everybody can use modern IT without being a professional. P-ISM is a system gadget including five functions: it includes a CPU for processing, it also used as a conversation pen, it carries a very small projector within it, and also it has a digital camera scanner and a battery with it. P-ISMs are linked to each other via short-range Wi-Fi generation. The P-ISM (Pen-fashion personal Networking machine bundle) is best a prototype underneath growing level by NEC employer. In 2003, Geneva held the ITU telecom phrase exhibition which exhibited a conceptual $30,000 prototype of a P-ISM designed by means of the Tokyo-based totally NEC employer.A PC that uses an electronic pen (called a stylus) as opposed to a console for input. Pen PCs for the most part require unique working frameworks that help penmanship acknowledgment with the goal that clients can compose on the screen or on a tablet as opposed to writing on a console. Most pen PCs are hand-held gadgets, which are too little for a full-estimate console.WORKING PROCESSThe P-ISM (Pen-style personal Networking system gadget) consists of a gadget of five pens that everyone has unique capabilities, Figure 1: Working of P-ISM? CPU penCPU capability is dead by mistreatment the pen itself. â€Å"P-ISM† is additionally referred to as computing engine Processors used within the pen is that the twin-core processor and it’s miles labored on the premise of home windows OS.? Communication penP-ISM uses Wireless Bluetooth technology for the communication and transfers the information to a different system. P-ISM additionally also will create a connection to with any cellular device and also it can use the Wi-Fi technology. ? Virtual keyboardP-ism provides associate degree integral virtual optical maser keyboard that may be a new widget. The operating of the P-ISM is that it emits the optical maser beams on the table surface that forms a keyboard On this specific keyboard, this can be done by a 3D IR sensing element technology with optical maser technology to induce a full-size keyboard. ? Led ProjectorThe pen contains an Led projector within it. So it can project an led monitor with the size of A4 and the resolution of the screen is approximately of 1024*768. The monitor projected by the P-ISM gave more clarity for the projection and a gave a good picture to the viewer.? Digital CameraWe had a photographic camera within the form of a pen. It is helpful in video, Videoconferencing; merely it’s known as a net cam. It’s additionally connected to different devices through Bluetooth. The key advantage it’s little that is well transportable. It’s a 360- Degree communication Device. We’ve seen video phones many times in movies. Advantages of P-ISM What makes the P-ISM totally different from all of the prevailing elements is that its form likes pens. Pens are quite common objects that we supply around on everyday basis; by carrying simply four pens you’ll produce a laptop. So, its transportable and may be carried simply. As the pen is a smaller amount visible and it’s easier to require it out with you, the scale and weight are plenty less and it will probably priceless because it can use less material. P-ISM adopts Bluetooth technology for information transfer that may be a wireless technology. Disadvantages of P-ISM The P-ISM is formed from five loose pens which are able to move around with any amendment within the movement of the area. in an exceedingly train journey, there’s tons of movement which is able to shake the pens around and shake the projection of the keyboard and screen. So, this can’t be as stable and economical as a portable computer. Also, these pens area unit terribly little and fragile so that they are broken simply whereas handling them or carrying them around. One pen itself prices quite a striated muscle thus you can’t risk damaging or losing them. Conclusion The specialized gadgets are getting to be noticeably littler and conservative. This is just a case of the beginning of this new innovation. We can expect all the more such advancements later on; it appears that data terminals are boundlessly getting littler P-ISM. How to cite P-ISM, Papers

Ecommerce6 Essay Example For Students

Ecommerce6 Essay .(EDI) 60.Internet,. Internet.Internet, , . m , -,. . r. T Internet.on-line, .Internet ,. , .; : , ,Internet.. ..:,,,,, . .,(, ,) . ,. ( ). , ,. ,, . . ,. ,,. Marketing, . .2424 7. . . Amazon.com.( ) .Internet. ., . ,. ..managers. , .. ,faxmail. , , . .. ., on-line .. manager. , ,, ..mail , . .,,.,.(, , fax ). ,.. ,, INTERNET ,.BITS computer.WEB super market.CD-ROM.computer. . marketing.,.. .(chat room)newsgroups .WEB SERVER. WORLD WIDE WEB .. ,. .. INTERNET.WEB SERVER .FAQ ()e-mail, Usenet newsweb.,Service e-mail. , . ,. . . ,WEB,internet.E-mail. . ,. check , .internet., check .(digital cash) ,,. . WEB, .WEB. . .,. . ., ..,,. .,. . . ,, .,,,,. .,,. Internet,Web.. (..). . ,,, (Confidentiality),(Integrity), o(Authentication). (Confidentiality).(user privacy) .. . (Integrity) (Authentication). ,. ,. . (Authorization).. , . (Assurance). , . , . (Non-repudiation). . .,,. . ,,. ,. ,,.,. FSTC,,, .,FSTC., FSTC..,,,. Internet. ,,.,. i r . , .,(..).., ,( , ). on-line , .( )., .,( )Internet . , web browser web serverSecure Sockets Layer (SSL). web servers web browsersSSL, . .(. ,),(). ,. ,Cybercash, Verifone First Virtual . CybercashVerifonewallet. .First VirtualVirtual PIN., First Virtualvirtual PIN,. ,: ,CybercashFirst Virtual,,. , ,.. Internet . . . , ., , . ,,.(). , . ,(.. Web browsere-mail).. ee-mail. (certificate authorities) .. o %Bibliography:

Tiffanie Yehudai free essay sample

You correctly answered: d. A negative result with a positive control is required to validate the test 5. Which of the following is an end product of starch digestion? You correctly answered: e. Maltose and glucose 6. Hydroplanes are enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller subunits through the addition of water 04/08/15 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: . You correctly answered: b. Predict Question: What effect do you think boiling and freezing will have on the activity of the amylase enzyme? Your answer : c. Boiling will decrease amylase activity and freezing will have no effect. Stop Think Questions: Tube 2 appears to have the same amount of starch digested as tube 3 because You correctly answered: a. Freezing had no effect on the enzyme. Experiment Data: Tube NO. 2 3 4 Reagent 1 Amylase 5 Denizen Water pH 2. 0 Buffer 6 7 8 Reagent 2 Starch Reagent 3 pH 7. 0 Buffer PH 7. 0 Buffer Treatment Boiled Frozen None Time 60 SKI Benedicts 37 Maltose pH 9. 0 Buffer page 2 Post-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. We will write a custom essay sample on Tiffanie Yehudai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Tubes 3, 7, and 8 reveal that You correctly answered: d. Amylase activity was highest at pH 7. 2.This activity includes a number of negative controls. Which tube indicates that the amylase solution was not contaminated with maltose? You correctly answered: b. Tube 4 3. Which tubes indicate that the denizen water did not contain contaminating starch or maltose? You correctly answered: c. Tubes 4, 5, and 6 4. Explain where and why salivary amylase would be most active. You correctly answered: d. Salivary amylase would be most active in the mouth because pH 7 is where its peak activity is. Page 3 Review Sheet Results 1. List the substrate and the subunit product of amylase.

Free Essays on A Nation Rebuilt

A Nation Rebuilt? During the 1870’s, the United States was experiencing a rapid change that would result in failure. The Reconstruction was too early for its nation to experience. Total Corruption occurred which lead to more and more problems. Cheating the government, Crà ¨dit Mobilier, powerless African Americans, postponement of women’s rights, and unhappy workers are examples of the damaged nation. Nearly all of the Unions promises were not met and failed miserably. The Reconstruction of the United States was a failure. The Reconstruction transformed the nation greatly. Despite all the promises the Union made after the Civil War, not even half were made. The southern states still had their desire for retribution as they watched their plantations crumble, African Americans had to organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan strictly against them while some were still in debt peonage, Radical Republicans were losing power, and Crà ¨dit Mobilier was literally stealing the governments money right out of their pockets. The Crà ¨dit Mobilier scandal was the most notorious example of corruption involving railroads. It was a dummy corporation created by the stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroiad to oversee construction of the railroad in 1060. Owners of the railroad paid themselves with federal government grants to build their own railroads. Many members of the Congress were in on it. They received shares in return for their acceptance of the scheme. And in result, the United States granted over 100 million acres of federal land and millions of dollars to corporations. Even so with all the shocking downsides, there were still some greatness in the Reconstruction. African Americans all across the United States were freed guaranteed by documents such as The Freedmen’s Bureau, The Fourteenth Amendment, and the Fifteenth Amendment. The rights of the African Americans truly shined in the reconstruction, going from forced labor and sla... Free Essays on A Nation Rebuilt Free Essays on A Nation Rebuilt A Nation Rebuilt? During the 1870’s, the United States was experiencing a rapid change that would result in failure. The Reconstruction was too early for its nation to experience. Total Corruption occurred which lead to more and more problems. Cheating the government, Crà ¨dit Mobilier, powerless African Americans, postponement of women’s rights, and unhappy workers are examples of the damaged nation. Nearly all of the Unions promises were not met and failed miserably. The Reconstruction of the United States was a failure. The Reconstruction transformed the nation greatly. Despite all the promises the Union made after the Civil War, not even half were made. The southern states still had their desire for retribution as they watched their plantations crumble, African Americans had to organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan strictly against them while some were still in debt peonage, Radical Republicans were losing power, and Crà ¨dit Mobilier was literally stealing the governments money right out of their pockets. The Crà ¨dit Mobilier scandal was the most notorious example of corruption involving railroads. It was a dummy corporation created by the stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroiad to oversee construction of the railroad in 1060. Owners of the railroad paid themselves with federal government grants to build their own railroads. Many members of the Congress were in on it. They received shares in return for their acceptance of the scheme. And in result, the United States granted over 100 million acres of federal land and millions of dollars to corporations. Even so with all the shocking downsides, there were still some greatness in the Reconstruction. African Americans all across the United States were freed guaranteed by documents such as The Freedmen’s Bureau, The Fourteenth Amendment, and the Fifteenth Amendment. The rights of the African Americans truly shined in the reconstruction, going from forced labor and sla...

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Example The investigations carried out on her husband’s semen did in fact reveal no anomalies. The patient has been offered some antibiotics to improve on her situation prior to a myomectomy being carried out. The couple have been advised to consent to a hysterectomy to solve the problem but have declined since they will be requiring their own children in future. The lady has been found to have a permanent condition on her uterus which can cause relentless bleeding and pain. This condition could also be easily responsible for the lady’s infertility problem. The patient could not be informed of the above conditions since she was under anesthesia. Her husband however consented to the operation despite his spouses disapproval. The consent given by the woman’s husband tends to contravene the ethics of medicine regarding the issues of justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence and autonomy of a patient undergoing such a procedure. The doctor has also been unethical by infringing on his patient’s autonomy and beneficence by disclosing her condition to her spouse without consent . He is however justified in disclosing the condition since the condition may affect their marriage and future. Both the doctor and the husband may also infringe on the principle of non-maleficence since the operation could do more harm than good to the woman despite her not consenting to the procedure. This could end up bringing injustices to the woman and her future in their marriage. Finally, the doctor contravenes the principle of beneficence which suggests that he should act in the best interests of his patient. The doctor will be infringing on his patients right of deciding whether or not she should undergo the operation . A nurse at the hospital has raised concerns regarding the consent given by the husband allowing the doctor to proceed on the operation on his wife. The nurse objects to the operation

Data Visualization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Data Visualization - Essay Example For simplicity, the following categories of crimes would be disclosed for the year 2013: criminal offenses on campus and arrests on campus. The results would be presented in tabular format to highlight comparative details: From the results, one could deduce that the crime statistics reported in the University of Findlay for the year 2013 had been the least among the universities that were evaluated in the state of Ohio. From all criminal offenses on campus, the University of Findlay reported the least numbers of offenses (2) with the least numbers of arrests (5). Only the Wittenberg University reported similar number of arrests (5) with violations on drug abuse and liquor law. The arrests of 5 for the University of Findlay were all for liquor law violations. Despite the universities being categorized as recording the most number of enrollees (more than 15,000) as compared to the universities with lesser number of enrollees (less than 5,000), it was evident that crime offenses still occur. The Ohio State University exhibited the greatest numbers of criminal offenses for 2013 totalling 61 and the greatest numbers of arrests totaling

Human Resources - Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resources - Needs Assessment - Essay Example Organizational analysis becomes necessary in some cases such as technology changes, environmental shift or when leadership changes For example in GameStop technology changes are frequent. Most important task in improving an organization’s efficiency is performance management which is basically clarifying job responsibilities and priorities to employees and indicating the performance expectations that are required from the employees. To improve the performance the best scenario is appropriate training for the employees in their own fields of work but before that any organization goes through the performance needs assessment in which the desired outcome that is required from the employees and the actual outcome are compared and analyzed. For this first of all the current situation of the present and future employee’s skills, knowledge, talents, capabilities are assessed including the organization’s internal climate provided to the employee (Rossetti,2009). Then the required state is analyzed and this includes the status of the work responsibilities and the skills, potential, efforts and knowledge required to achieve the desired position. In an efficient organization it is very necessary to focus on critical tasks to achieve the long range production goals and not just on current practices. Long range production goals are the desired destination point in future for a company which requires long range strategic interventions. This analysis will produce a list for training and career development but we must first confirm that are needs are actually real and there is a chance for proper and possible intervention. For example we will first asses that whether the problem is costing more then its solution. HR will follow the law during the possible solution and also the influence of this whole effort is analyzed. Now comes the part when we search for the reasons of the low or below desired income and the question faced is whether the employees are w orking hard enough or are they trained properly to do their jobs.(Goldstein,2005). If there are issues indicating and causing the low income then they may be unhappy people(customer, employee, investor) and their complaints are evident when customer satisfaction surveys, annual morale surveys are done ,poor productivity reports(too little work to be done using too many resources) show missed production schedule, poor financial report( cost of sales is too high and there is inadequate cash flow), insufficient communication( lack of feedback system, lack of coordination), lack of compliance having too many violations taking place within the system. Human resource department surveys the employee turn over rate, talent management, complaints etc. If all of this is not satisfactory then the cause are analyzed and then comes the solution part all of which cannot be mended by simple training. GameStop or any company hires already experienced employees so that the issue of training is less frequent but it is not possible all the time plus job requirements change with designation or nature of the job. Needs assessment saves time ensuring that time is not wasted in teaching which is already known. Needs does not refer to the things that are desired, it refers to the difference between the things that are â€Å"present† and those which are â€Å"

AP Literature and Composition level Essay Example for Free

AP Literature and Composition level Essay  ¡Cruza la frontera ya!There is a serious circumstance that is troubling America: the inability of we Americans to accept our Hispanic counterparts. This is no forgivable matter; it is surrounding our country. Sure they illegally cross the border but is there really a difference between the America-Mexico border and the Texas-New Mexico border? I didnt think so. These citizens who come to America benefit us in so ways; many of which we have never even began to consider. When our Hispanic friends enter the United States they bring with them a whole new culture. These contacts to Hispanic history teach us Spanish. I plan on getting a minor degree in Spanish when I go to college but at this rate I will know the language before I even graduate high school. Not only are we exposed to Spanish but also Hispanic foods. Where would the country, and especially Roanoke Rapids, be without Mexican food? Think people. Chimichangas are the fuels to our minds and they give the sewage companies business. All those clogged septic tanks. The food, which Hispanic Americans bring to this country, creates jobs and by the way this economy is going we are going to need as many jobs as possible. While we are speaking of jobs, let us address the role of Hispanics in the workplace. The entire reason that they cross the border is to pursue a better life. So let them. Allow these border hoppers to take your job or even give them a job. If you own a farm, migrant workers are the new slaves. They are cheap laborers but be sure to buy them as soon as you seem them because they will be gone in a split second. Even if they cannot become a farmhand they can have our jobs. If all of our jobs are taken then we can all sit at home for the rest of our lives, be placed on welfare or unemployment, smoke the tobacco that they plucked for our cigarettes, and live off of the corn that was picked last month from Farmer Joes field. Doesnt that sound like an amazing life? They can even do our handy work. If you need a new coffee table do not go to Sears and spend $50 on a new table let the Hispanic man across the street build you one; hell do if for free. Even if you havent cleaned your house in five months, ask the Hispanic lady who lives on the corner to clean it. She wont charge a fee either. As long as you do not inform the government about the illegal status of your  Hispanic neighbors they will perform any household task that you ask for them to do. It is by far the fairest exchange that happens in the United States. Another exchange happens on every street corner in the part of town you are scared to visit. These immigrants deal the drugs that our young adults would be dealing. Let them sell the drugs instead of our youth, this keeps the American children innocent of drug dealing matters. With our kids getting arrested in fifth grade for bringing marijuana to school, we need some other culture to take over. The charges for dealing drugs are much higher than what we would receive for taking the drugs. Smuggling has always been seen as a problem, but why? They are bringing more drugs for us to use. Without Hispanic drug smugglers the drug count in the United States would be half as small. Consent to their American livelihoods so that our children are safe, from being arrested. Let us look at the other silly laws that are broken by the illegals. Many of our migrants choose to acquire fake Social Security cards. These cards will permit them to receive the same benefits that we are allotted to when we retire. Hey, if we live at home on welfare for the rest of our lives they can receive the Social Security that will deplete in a few years anyway. Their increasing number will probably cause it to drain much sooner at any rate. Driving without a license is also a problem many conservative Americans face with immigration. I cannot see why. The immigrants are so careful not to wreck because they cant be seen without a green card or they will get deported. So naturally, they would be some of the safest drivers in the US of A. Get close to their bumpers and trail behind them. But dont follow them into the bad part of town; you might get confused for a dealer. The presence of these immigrants and their drugs will benefit the government officials. Many more police jobs will be created in order to keep up with the constantly growing migrant number. Police will patrol nightly searching for Hispanic people who are jumping fences; this is considered to be a sign of a true border crosser. Many Americans should feel safer because there will be nightly patrols and true criminals would be caught in the process. By this point I hope you understand how important Hispanic immigrants are to our American existence. We rely on them for much more than you realize. They also save us from many hassles. Soon police will begin to over look all immigrants and so should you. Allow them to take our jobs, plow our fields, sell our drugs, and even deplete our Social Security. The country will be nothing but immigrants and the few true born Americans that are left standing will become the minority. These Hispanic crossers will make Americans feel much safer. Our real criminals are caught and our children are saved from dealing drugs. All this is caused by a few Mexican men who decided to try to cross the America-Mexico border. Their success allowed many other Hispanics to flee to the United States in order to save Americans from ourselves. We should be so grateful of the many sacrifices which Hispanics allow us to create to give them our American Dream

Computers And Finance :: essays research papers fc

Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system. The most surprising part of Microsoft's current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, America's richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become America's richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsoft's Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14). Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "It's just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDA's, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20). Computers And Finance :: essays research papers fc Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system. The most surprising part of Microsoft's current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, America's richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become America's richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsoft's Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14). Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "It's just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDA's, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20).

Rebecca riots

They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John Rebecca riots They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John

Incurable disease AIDS

Today, the world is worst alarmed by an incurable disease AIDS. AIDS has been spreading in the world like a wild fire. AIDS is a global problem and there should be a global solution found by the entire international community. It is really scary to see and imagine our world fall into pieces because we refuse to share and put in the common vestiges of our civilizations. â€Å"It could be said that the AIDS pandemic is a classic own-goal scored by the human race against itself. † – Princess Anne, Ireland. The Origin of Aids: -AIDS is caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which originated in non-human primates in Sub-Saharan Africa and was transferred to humans during the late 19th or early 20th century. Two types of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the vast majority of HIV infections globally. The pandemic strain of HIV-1 is closely related to a virus found in the chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes, which lives in the forests of the Central African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely confined to West Africa, along with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys) an Old World monkey inhabiting southern Senegal, Guinea, and western Ivory Coast. â€Å"It is clear before God and man that the entire war on HIV and AIDS has not been waged with any degree of piety, responsibility and care. †| Symptoms of Aids: -The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS. These infections affect nearly every organ system. That’s what prompted James Ander ton to say that, Everywhere I go I see increasing evidence of people swirling about in a human cesspit of their own making. | People with AIDS have had their immune system damaged by HIV and are very susceptible to these opportunistic infections. Common symptoms are: * Chills * Fever * Sweats (particularly at night) Swollen lymph glands * Weakness * Weight loss Causes for Aids: -Reckless life style is the major cause for HIV. The virus can be spread (transmitted): * Through sexual contact — including oral, vaginal, and anal sex * Through blood — via blood transfusions or needle sharing * From mother to child — a pregnant woman can transmit the viru s to her foetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can transmit it to her baby in her breast milk Other methods of spreading the virus are rare and include accidental needle injury, artificial insemination with infected donated semen, and organ transplantation with infected organs. However considering the patients to be untouchable is unconditionally disgraceful. Sometimes I have a terrible feeling that I am dying not from the virus, but from being untouchable. – Amanda Heggs| HIV infection is NOT spread by: * Casual contact such as hugging * Mosquitoes * Participation in sports * Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus Aids and blood or organ donation: -AIDS is NOT transmitted to a person who DONATES blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used. However, HIV can be transmitted to a person RECEIVING blood or organs from an infected donor. To reduce this risk, blood banks and organ donor programs screen donors, blood, and tissues thoroughly. What is necessary to change a person, is to change his awareness of himself. -Abraham Maslow. Aids Awareness programmes: – * AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death among people ages 25 – 44 in the United States, down from number one in 1995. * The World Health Organization estimates that more than 25 million people worldwide have died from this infection since the start of the epidemic. * In 2008, there were approximately 33. 4 million people around the world living with HIV/AIDS, including 2. 1 million children under age 15. Complete extinction of impure thought is impossible without ceaseless penance. Mahatma Gandhi | The government has drawn up a strategy to fight AIDS that seeks to unite all sectors in a common programme. The national health department is the main driver of a strategic plan to coordinate the fight against AIDS by the whole country. These include traditional healers, business and religious organisations. The priority areas in this plan are: * Prevention; * Treatment, care and support; * Legal and human rights; * Monitoring, research and evaluation Conclusion: -As of now, there is no cure for AIDS, though there are drugs that prolong a patient’s life. There is a huge amount of research going on in this regard, especially in the US, and hopefully, a cure (or a vaccine) will be discovered. However, moral life alone is the best medicine to prevent AIDS. As a nation we should commit ourselves not only to the fight against terrorism, but to economic justice, defeat of the AIDS epidemic and vestiges of discriminatory policies of all kinds.

The Agricultural Policy in European Union and the United State of America

The Agricultural Policy in European Union and the United State of America Brief Outline of the topic of the proposed research The European Union is one of the largest economies in the world and a considerable trade partner for the United States of America.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Agricultural Policy in European Union and the United State of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two blocs are also agricultural trading partners and leading competitors where food market is involved. According to Haas (2007), â€Å"The European Union (EU) and Unites States’ (US) governments provide support to their respective agricultural sectors† (p.43). This strategy is one of the relevant factors in the success experienced in this sector. Several policies exist in both regions of the world. It is crucial to compare them to establish the effect that they have had on the respective countries. With the population of the world said to be over seven billion and increasing ever y day (Anatole 2012, p. 17), agriculture is increasing in significance. Countries around the world have adapted policies aimed at increasing their agricultural output and shifting balance of trade to their advantage (International Food Agricultural Trade Policy Council 2011). This is the case in the US and the EU, as they try to meet the agricultural demands of the 21st century. Therefore, how do the agricultural policies in the US and the EU compare? What effect do they have on agricultural output? Currently, the economies are experiencing budgetary issues, which continue to inform the agricultural policies being developed. Based on all these factors, it is vital to conduct a study comparing the agricultural policies in these countries.Advertising Looking for proposal on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, the dissertation is proposed with the title ‘The Agricultural Policy in Europea n Union and the United State of America.’ Aims and objectives of the research The first objective will be to identify the existing agricultural policies in France, Germany, and Spain. The next objective will be to investigate the agricultural policies in the United States of America. To achieve the main aim of the study, the third objective will be to analyse the common agricultural policy in the European Union and its effects on the member countries with the use of Germany, Spain and France. To achieve these objectives and aims, several questions will need to be answered in relation to the study aims. What are the existing agricultural policies in Spain, France, and Germany? What are the existing and proposed agricultural policies in the USA? The question of the details of the common agricultural policy in the EU will also be answered. How do the agricultural policies compare for these countries. Importance of the proposed research With the integration of members and enlar gement of the European Union, the existing agricultural policies in the member countries will be overtaken by the common agricultural policy. Few investigations have been done detailing the effects as well as comparing it with the policies in the USA. As indicated above, the EU and the US are principal partners and competitors in the field of agriculture with each of the economies receiving a significant contribution from the sector. A significant government support in the countries goes to the agricultural industry. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), â€Å"the European Union and the United States together account for more than 60% of all government support to agriculture among the main developed economies† (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). Some of the latest developments in the policy reforms in the EU include the proposed reforms in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with the US congress said to have passed significant agricultural b ills in the year 2012 including the Farm Bill (Bureau Louis-Pascal 2009, p. 5: Monke Johnson 2010, p. 12).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Agricultural Policy in European Union and the United State of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A common feature for both of these economies is the bio fuel policies, which are inseparable from the agricultural objectives of the member counties and states (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). An attempt will therefore be made in this dissertation to compare the agricultural policies for the bloc with that of the United States to see if the two are similar. With the increase in population and geographical size that the European Union is likely to have from the member countries, the bloc could use the experience of the United States to set up relevant policies to support her growth. Summary and outline of proposed research topic Agricultural policies are statements by govern ments and authorities that are aimed at ensuring welfare, sustainability, and distribution in the agricultural sector (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). Agriculture in the European Union specifically in Germany continues to be regulated by the existing agricultural policies, and public support is its mainstay. The European Union has adopted the CAP that is aimed at establishing a market-oriented and sustainable agricultural sector (Mewvissen, Van Asseldonk Huirnde 2008, p. 53). As an example of a member state in the European Union, Hardaker reveals that Germany’s agricultural policy is geared towards consumer protection and ‘greening’ of the policies (an example is BMVEL 2001)(2000, p. 42).Advertising Looking for proposal on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The CAP in the European Union was proposed in 1960with the founding members of the European Community such as Germany and France having emerged from severe food shortages and hence requiring food security (Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy2008, p. 2). The agricultural policy in France has been based on the aim of boosting her economic development in the past. The adoption of the CAP in the EU could mean a standardisation of the existing agricultural policies in the member countries. The strategy could have both positive and negative impacts on this sector. According to (Garridoet al 2009), after Spain joined the EU in 1986, it is therefore party to the CAP in the bloc (p. 94). The United States has a wells of programs where support in the two countries was recorded to increase included programs for rural development and the conservation of farmland (Orden, Blandford Josling 2010, p. 97). Despite the observed changes, Dewbre, Thompson, and Dewbre (2007) point out th at the non-commodity programs still maintain a smaller percentage of the farm recipients (p. 27). The US was observed to have a slightly higher percentage of farm receipts in the above programs as compared to the EU with non-commodity shares of input being 0.7% lower than that of the EU (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). In the United States, several laws govern the agricultural sector. A multiyear farm bill in the US provides a means of comprehensively addressing agricultural issues with several modifications being made frequently to the existing laws (Young Hansen 2011, p. 23). One of the omnibus farm bills is the P.L. 110-246, the Food, conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). According to CRS Report RS22131 (2008) and CRS Report RL34696 (2008), the bill â€Å"covers a range of areas, including commodity crops, horticulture and livestock, conservation, nutrition, trade and food aid, agricultural research, farm credit, rural development, energy, forestry, and other programs†. Farm sustenance in the US â€Å"consists of programs providing direct and indirect support to the producers and consumers in the sector with only selected commodities being supported† (Young Hansen 2011, p. 26). According to Potter and Ervin, â€Å"Grains, cotton, oilseeds, dairy, and peanuts are eligible for both fixed â€Å"decoupled† payments and â€Å"counter-cyclical assistance† payments: the total producer subsidy is based on past production† (1999, p. 31). Further support is provided by Young and Hansen to the producers of these commodities and those not included in the list via crop loans and subsidies related to loans (2011, p. 28). Several minimum pricing systems support the dairy and sugar industries with quotas being subjected on some commodities to limit the destruction of the local markets from imports therefore protecting the local farmers (Swinbank Josling 2012). Crop insurance is also common in the country with fa rmers receiving payments in the case of disasters (Swinbank Josling 2012). The 1985 farm bill passed by the United States congress was the first of a series of bills passed to ensure that farmers adopt farming practices that are environmentally friendly (Josling Swinbank 2011, p. 28). According to Swinbank and Josling, â€Å"Conservation programs administered by USDA can be broadly grouped into land retirement and easement programs and so-called â€Å"working lands† programs† (2012, p. 28). They go ahead to state that the land retirement and easement programs stop crop production from certain lands with the aim of converting it to the original vegetation such as forests and wetlands (Swinbank Josling 2012). This revelation is contrary to working lands programs that are aimed at encouraging environmental conservation on agricultural land that is currently used for production (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 32). As discussed above, CAP governs the policies in the EU member st ates (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). The primary use of the policy was observed in the buying of farm commodities from the member states when the prices fell below the expected thus cushioning the farmers from any losses (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). As with the US, the EU also levied a tax on imports to prevent cheaper imports from undermining the output from the member countries because of the high prices established after the interventions (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). Several problems were experienced with CAP. As Potter and Ervin state, â€Å"During the 1970s and 1980s, the CAP accounted for as much as 70% of the total EU budget. The CAP was also criticised by EU trading partners for distorting world markets and interfering with global agricultural trade† (1999, p. 35). A change in the CAP that has been experienced since 1992is the gradual move to a more market-oriented support for the agricultural sectors in the member countries (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). In line with thes e changes, the policy has changed to comply with the requirements of the World Trade Organisation (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). The CAP has also mutated to fit other requirements of the member states and international standards, which include the need to improve the rural living standards to protect the animal rights (Young Hansen 2011, p. 29). One of the similarity with the US policy is observed in â€Å"1992 (the MacSharry Reforms) and 1999 (Agenda 2000) reduced EU commodity support prices towards market levels that required that some farmland be taken out of production† (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). As indicated above, the focus of program support in the US is on only a few commodities, which have been given. The EU has an agricultural policy that provides support to a larger scope of commodities and livestock products. The existing farm structures and organisations in both countries and member states are different. According to Potter and Ervin, â€Å"the United States ha s roughly twice the farmland base of the European Union with fewer but significantly larger farms than the EU† (1999, p. 35). Comparatively, the size of land available for farming in the EU is smaller, but with a relatively larger number of farms (Hans van Frank van n.d). The researches discussed above are relevant to the dissertation and the suggested research since they will help in the making of comparisons between the agricultural policies in the EU and US. The limitation of the methodology is that most of the researches were based on secondary sources of information. The results are therefore subject to errors. The evidence supports the existence of substantial differences between the agricultural policies in the United States of America and the European Union. The two blocs have embarked on Bio fuel policies thus pushing the agricultural sector to experience critical reforms based on the observed changes (Hans van Frank van n.d). Research findings In the literature rev iew, significant differences emerge between the EU and US agricultural policies. There are also a number of similarities in the two areas. These observations create the need for analysis of the policies. In the European Union, the key component of the agricultural policies in the countries that have been discussed is the Combined Agricultural Policy. According to Potter and Ervin, the policy forms the backbone of the decisions made in relation to agriculture in the EU with members having to fulfil the requirements of the policy (1999, p. 35). The body that regulates the agricultural industry in the EU is described as being a constituent of the organisation. The aims are to protect the local farmers and consumers (Wohlleben 2006, p. 243). In the US, the policy is mainly in the form of bills and laws passed by congress concerning the promotion of agricultural sustenance and protecting the farmers (Atici 2005, p. 10). A characteristic of the policy is the provision of quotas for some o f the imports as a way of limiting the dilution of the market with cheaper agricultural goods. The farmers here receive subsidies for selected produce. Insurance companies and the government protect them from losses by insuring the crops (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 35). Due to the frequent loss of produce to disasters, a measure that the government has taken is the provision reimbursements for farmers affected by such calamities. The CAP in the EU is expected to be reformed in the next years. The US congress has also made significant changes to the agricultural policy as Potter and Ervin (1999, p. 35) report. The European Union is also discussed to have a larger number of its population being involved in farming as compared to the US, which has larger sizes of farms and a larger area of land available for farming (Potter Ervin 1999, p. 36). The policies in both countries are reported to be moving towards ‘greening’ the agricultural production process with the emphasis bein g made on environmental conservation efforts. According to Potter and Ervin, this means that more land is being abandoned strategically to allow the growth of natural vegetation (1999, p. 39). For Germany and France who are the founding members of the European Union, the CAP is a characteristic that has shaped farming with Spain joining them over the years. The agricultural policy in the US has developed over the years with reforms in the sector contributing to the observable agricultural developments in this country. The policies in the US and the EU are similar in a number of ways as discussed in the literature review. A considerable similarity is the aim and objectives, which are to protect their farmers and consumers as well as ensuring continued agricultural output. Some of the other observations in the policies in the countries are the purpose for which they were initially set up. The most recent of the reforms as Young and Hansen state are those detailed in the Mid-term Revie w of 2003 (2011, p. 26). These are also highlighted in Garrido, Bielza, and Sumpsi’s literature where they explain that they were meant to complete decoupling for cereals besides reducing support for rice with milk and sugar being spared later (2003, p. 73). These reforms were recently followed by the Agenda 2000 reforms in the year 2003 (Garrido, Bielza Sumpsi 2003, p. 73). The reforms were meant to reduce the prices of beef in the local markets with the introduction of environmental conditions (Garrido, Bielza Sumpsi 2003, p. 73). In the US, series of reforms in the policies are suggested with transformation from traditional to modern policies taking place stepwise. The traditional policies are conservative and hampered by the low levels of technological innovation in this age. The modern policies in the US are informed by the desire to cushion the population of the high consumer prices of commodities to protect the farmers from the cheap imports that are available (Haas 2007, p. 17). Under the laws and bills passed by the United States congress, a number of consumer products are subsidised with others having the quota system of management (Haas 2007, p. 17). The strategy according to Haas protects the local agricultural economy to ensure that agricultural traders are not exploited (2007, p. 17). For the European Union, the policy is broader. It covers more commodities than the United States. Farmers have the advantage of receiving price subsidies and financial support from the government with France being a prime beneficiary of the policy (Haas 2007, p. 17). Germany and France were some of the nations in the EU that Moyer and Josling noted to have multifunctional agriculture with Austria and Italy joining them. Though many countries were not noted to practice globalised agriculture in Moyer and Josling’s book, Mewvissen, Van Asseldonk, and Huirnde state that this paradigm is emerging in many of her member countries (2008, p. 53). The World T rade Organisation has contributed significantly in the way CAP is shaped in the European Union, and this is based on experiences where CAP contributed to trade imbalance between it and the trading partners (Bullock Salhofer 1998, p. 23). According to Bullock and Salhofer, the comparison between the policies in agriculture for the two blocs are incomplete without considering the protection accorded to the industry (1998, p. 23). They state that the EU’s agriculture is more protected and that the gap is narrowing each day (Bullock Salhofer 1998, p. 23). Some of the agricultural sectors in the US are reported to be progressing to being uncompetitive with sectors in the EU becoming more competitive (Haas 2007, p. 17). In most of the literature reviewed, the dairy industry and sugar industries in the countries are reported to be out of line with the rest of the sectors. Review of concepts and theories From the above literature review, several theories and concepts are suggested, and others supported. One of the concepts that emerge is consumer protection characteristics of the CAP for the European Union (Baylis, K. et al. 2005). The researches support the theory that the CAP was designed to protect the EU member states and that this strategy has served to the advantage and disadvantage of some of the members (Haas 2007, p. 17). In the example above, France is described to be a beneficiary of the CPA. In the past, it has resisted the proposed changes by various members. The benefit is in the form of subsidies, and the government here has moved to protect the citizens after some of the changes were put in place. Moyer and Josling discussed four theories that include dependent agriculture, competitive agriculture, multifunctional agriculture, and globalised agriculture where a large international chain is formed by the industry. In their book ‘Agricultural Policy Reform’, Moyer and Josling highlight some of the theories in the US and EU in the fi eld of agriculture (2002). They stated a paradigm shift from a state-assisted mode of agriculture to one that is market-liberal, with the agricultural sector in the US shifting from a small industry to a competitive one over the decades. In their book, the two authors continued to explore their proposed paradigm shifts in agriculture for the two countries by comparing them to conflicting paradigms brought about by globalisation of agriculture (Moyer Josling 2002). According to Moyer and Josling (2002), the theories that the authors discussed include dependent agriculture where the industry needed government’s support and competitive agriculture where the industry started competing for resources. These were later on followed by the multifunctional agriculture theory with the industry being able to provide public goods and the present globalised agriculture where a large international chain is formed by the industry. In the US, the competitive paradigm shift/theory is most evi dent in the non-program crops with dependent agriculture persisting in the dairy and sugar industry. The theory is supported by Potter and Ervin who state that the sugar industry relies mostly on government policy to protect farmers in a bid to maximise output (1999, p.34). In the EU, the foremost theories mentioned include the ‘MasSharry Reforms’ that took place in 1992 (Wohlleben 2006, p. 243). According to Wohlleben, these reforms introduced direct payments while at the same time cutting the prices of grains in the bloc to come close to those in the world market levels (2006, p. 243). Moyer and Josling conclude that, in the EU, dependent agriculture remains present though with reducing dominance (2002, p. 35). They also noted the emergence of competitive agriculture among the main agricultural states in the EU though the states used for comparison were not among them (2002, p. 27). Research design and methods The proposed research paper will be based on secondary ana lysis on the ground of case study research. A case study research will be the most appropriate format to establish the relationship between the agricultural policies in the European Union and the United States. The type of research will also provide a lot of information since most of the concepts to be discussed are mainly in the outstanding universal publications. Haas (2007, p. 17) states that the use of a case study in research is effective especially in fields such as international relations and real life events are to be studied. 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